Documentation du code de simulation numérique SUNFLUIDH

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===== Links equations & Data set =====

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[[sunfluidh:sunfluidh_data_setup|Click here to go to the data-set page]]

<WRAP info>
The code Sunfluidh solves the Navier-Stokes equations by means of an incremental projection method.
   * In the prediction step, the Navier-Stokes equations are solved in order to estimate the velocity field $\vec{V}^*$ without ensuring the mass conservation ($\nabla \cdot \vec{V}=0$ for incompressible flows or $\frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}+\nabla \cdot (\rho\vec{V})= 0$ for low Mach number flows).
   * In the projection step, The mass conservation is ensured by solving a Poisson's equation. The result $\phi$ corresponds to the time increment of the "dynamical" pressure (the part of the static pressure associated to the dynamics) and its gradient is the velocity correction that ensures the mass conservation. For incompressible flows, $P_{dyn}$ is the static pressure defined up to a constant. \\

$$ P_{dyn}^{n+1} = P_{dyn}^{n} + \phi$$
$$ \vec{V}^{n+1}= \vec{V}^* - \frac{\Delta t}{\rho} \nabla \phi$$

**For more details on the projection methods, see the document on the numerical methods used in Sunfluidh [[sunfluidh:sunfluidh_edu_documents|(click here)]].**

</WRAP>
<note important>
The user can read in this page :
   * the different sets of governing equations that depend on the flow is either incompressible or dilatable (low Mach number hypothesis). 
   * the different formulations of the Poisson's equation in respect with the problem treated.
   * the links between the equations, physical quantities and **[[sunfluidh:sunfluidh_data_setup|the input data setup]] ** 

</note>

===== The governing equations =====

-----
==== Incompressible flow formulation ====
-----

Simulation of flows at moderate velocity ($ V < 0.1 \cdot Ma$ ) where the hypothesis $\frac {d\rho}{dt}=0$ is valid.
   * Isothermal flows
   * Flows with heat transfer under the Boussinesq's hypothesis
   * Flows with free interface (in progress)


The equation set considered is
\begin{align*} 
 \nabla \cdot \left( \vec{V} \right) & =0 \\
 \rho_0 (\frac{\partial \vec{V}}{\partial t} + \left(\vec{V}\cdot \nabla \right)\vec{V} )& = -\nabla P_{dyn} +  \nabla \cdot \mu \nabla(\vec{V}+^{t}\vec{V})+\vec{f}_V \\
 \rho_0 C_{p0}  \left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial t} + \left(\vec{V}\cdot \nabla\right)T \right)&=  \nabla \cdot \lambda \nabla  T 
\end{align*}

<note important>
   * $\rho_0$ is uniform (except in the case of flows with free interface).
   * Flows with free interface are solved with a level set method (in progress)
   * $\nabla \cdot \left( \vec{V} \right)  =0$ is ensured by solving a Poisson's equation (see projection methods).
   * When $\vec{f}_V $ is associated to the gravity/buoyancy force, it depends on the temperature variation, the thermal expansion coefficient and the gravity constant (see the [[sunfluidh:gravity_namelist|Namelist "Gravity"]]), except for free interface flows : it also depends on the density variation.
   * The dynamic viscosity and the thermal conductivity can be constant or depend on the temperature by means of the Sutherland's law (See the [[sunfluidh:fluid_properties_namelist|Namelist  "Fluid_Properties"]]).
</note>

[[sunfluidh:sunfluidh_data_setup|Click here to come back to the data-set page]]

-----
==== Low Mach number formulation ====
-----

Simulation of flows at moderate velocity ($ V < 0.1 \cdot Ma$ ) with a noticeable variation of density (the hypothesis $\frac {d\rho}{dt}=0$ is no longer valid).
   * Homogeneous gas with high temperature variation
   * Multi-component gas with large density variation
   * Multi-component gas with temperature variation
   * Reactive flows

<note important>
We remind the user that the low Mach hypothesis is based on the hypothesis of the scale splitting between the thermodynamics and dynamics phenomena. As a consequence the pressure is read as $P= P_{th}+P_{dyn}$, where $P_{th}$ is the thermodynamical pressure and $P_{dyn}$ the "dynamical" pressure (part of the static pressure that contributes to the fluid motion).  $P_{th}$ is supposed to be uniform over the domain and is defined by the equation of state. $P_dyn$ is solved from the Poisson's equation (see the projection methods).
</note>

The global governing equations are :

\begin{align*} 
 \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t} + \nabla \cdot \left( \rho\vec{V} \right) & =0 \\
 \rho (\frac{\partial \vec{V}}{\partial t} + \left(\vec{V}\cdot \nabla \right)\vec{V} )& = -\nabla P_{dyn} +  \nabla \cdot \tau+\vec{f}_V \\
\text{where }\tau_{ij}&=\mu ((\frac{\partial V_i}{\partial x_j}+\frac{\partial V_j}{\partial x_i})-\frac{2}{3}\frac{\partial V_k}{\partial x_k}\delta_{ij}) \\
 \rho C_p  \left(\frac{\partial T}{\partial t} + \left(\vec{V}\cdot \nabla\right)T \right)&=  \nabla \cdot \lambda \nabla  T + \frac{dP_{th}}{dt} + S_{c} + S_{r}                                     \\
\rho  \left(\frac{\partial Y_i}{\partial t} + \left(\vec{V}\cdot \nabla\right)Y_i \right)&=  \nabla \cdot D_{i,m} \nabla  Y_i  + S_{r}  + W_i                               \\
P_{th}&=\cdot \rho \cdot \frac{R}{M}\cdot T
\end{align*}

<note important>
   * $\rho_0$ is uniform except in the case of incompressible two-phase flows.
   * the mass conservation is ensured by solving a Poisson's equation (see projection methods).
   * When $\vec{f}_V $ is associated to the gravity/buoyancy force, it depends on the density variation and the gravity constant (see the [[sunfluidh:gravity_namelist|Namelist "Gravity"]]).
   * The dynamic viscosity, the thermal conductivity  and diffusion coefficients of species can be constant, only depend on the temperature (Sutherland's law) or depend on the temeperature and species concentrations by means of relations coming from the kinetic theory of gases (See the [[sunfluidh:fluid_properties_namelist|Namelist  "Fluid_Properties"]]).
</note>

[[sunfluidh:sunfluidh_data_setup|Click here to come back to the data-set page]]

===== The different formulations of the Poisson's equation =====

We consider 
   * $\Phi$ the time increment of pressure $\Phi= P_{dyn}^{n+1}- P_{dyn}^{n}$
   * $\rho$ the fluid density 
   * $\vec{V}^*$ the estimated velocity field solved in the prediction step
   * $\Delta t$ the time step
   * $\alpha$ a time-coefficient of time scheme used for solving the Navier-Stokes equations.

The usual form for the incompressible flows is :

$$ \nabla \cdot \nabla \Phi= \frac{ \nabla \cdot \vec{V}^*}{\alpha \Delta t} $$

The form for low Mach number flows, when the density variation is moderate :

$$ \nabla \cdot \nabla \Phi= \frac{ \nabla \cdot \vec{V}^* - \frac{\partial \rho}{\partial t}}{\alpha \Delta t} $$

The form for low Mach number flows or incompressible two-phase flows, when the density variation can be large :

$$ \nabla \frac{1}{\rho}\cdot \nabla \Phi= \frac{ \nabla \cdot \vec{V}^* - \nabla \cdot \vec{V}^{n+1} }{\alpha \Delta t} $$

where $\nabla \cdot \vec{V}^{n+1}$ is estimated from the differential equation of state.

[[sunfluidh:sunfluidh_data_setup|here to come back to the data-set page]]

<WRAP info>
**Information on numerical methods used for solving these equations is available in the pdf document present [[ :sunfluidh:sunfluidh_full_documents | here]].**
</WRAP>


===== Link between the data set & the variables in equations =====

**__The knowledge of the data setup is recommanded in order to better understand the links.__** [[sunfluidh:sunfluidh_data_setup|Click here to go to the data-set page]]


^ List of variables ^ Definition       ^ namelists where the physical quantity is defined^
| $\rho $           | the fluid density | [[sunfluidh:fluid_properties_namelist| "Fluid_Properties"]],  [[sunfluidh:numerical_methods_setup_namelist| "Numerical_Methods"]] |
| $\vec{V}$  | the velocity field | [[sunfluidh:velocity_initialization_namelist|"Velocity_Initialization"]], [[sunfluidh:velocity_wall_boundary_condition_setup_namelist|"Velocity_Wall_Boundary_Condition_Setup"]], [[sunfluidh:inlet_boundary_conditions_setup_namelist|"Inlet_Boundary_Condition"]],  [[sunfluidh:numerical_methods_setup_namelist| "Numerical_Methods"]] |
|$\mu$ | the dynamic viscosity of the fluid | [[sunfluidh:fluid_properties_namelist| "Fluid_Properties"]] |
|$P_{dyn}$ | the field of pressure variation related to the mass conservation (solved by a Poisson's equation -- Projection method) | [[sunfluidh:numerical_methods_setup_namelist| "Numerical_Methods"]] |
|$\vec{f}_V$ | the force leading the fluid motion (gravity/buoyancy effect, external force ...) | [[sunfluidh:gravity_namelist|"Gravity"]], [[sunfluidh:external_force_namelist| "External_Force"]] |
| $T$ | the temperature field | [[sunfluidh:fluid_properties_namelist| "Fluid_Properties"]], [[sunfluidh:heat_wall_boundary_condition_setup_namelist|"Heat_Wall_Boundary_Condition_Setup"]], [[sunfluidh:inlet_boundary_conditions_setup_namelist|"Inlet_Boundary_Condition"]],  [[sunfluidh:numerical_methods_setup_namelist| "Numerical_Methods"]] |
|$P_{th}$ | the uniform thermodynamic pressure (low Mach number Hypothesis). Either $P_{th}=P_0$ or $P_{th}= \rho.\frac{R}{M}.T $| [[sunfluidh:fluid_properties_namelist| "Fluid_Properties"]] (variable "Constant_Mass_Flow)  |
|$C_p$ |the mass heat capacity of the fluid | [[sunfluidh:fluid_properties_namelist | "Fluid_Properties"]] |
|$\lambda$ | the thermal conductivity | deduced from other data with the relation $ \lambda = \frac{\mu\cdot C_p}{Pr}$   |  
|$Pr$ | the Prandtl number | [[sunfluidh:fluid_properties_namelist| "Fluid_Properties"]] |
|$S_{c}$ | the chemical source term in the enthalpy equation | [[sunfluidh:chemical_reactions_features_namelist|Namelist "Chemical_Reactions_Features"]] |
|$S_{r}$ | the radiative source term in the enthalpy equation| in progress |
|$Y_i$ |mass fraction field of the i-species | [[sunfluidh:fluid_properties_namelist| "Fluid_Properties"]], [[sunfluidh:species_properties_namelist|Namelist "Species_Properties"]], [[sunfluidh:species_initialization_namelist|Namelist "Species_Initialization"]], [[sunfluidh:species_wall_boundary_condition_setup_namelist|Namelist "Species_Wall_Boundary_Condition_Setup"]],   [[sunfluidh:inlet_boundary_conditions_setup_namelist|"Inlet_Boundary_Condition"]], [[sunfluidh:numerical_methods_setup_namelist| "Numerical_Methods"]]|
|$D_{i,m}$ |the diffusion coefficient of the species in the gas mixture | [[sunfluidh:fluid_properties_namelist | "Fluid_Properties"]] |
|$W_i$ |chemical reaction rate | [[sunfluidh:chemical_reactions_features_namelist|Namelist "Chemical_Reactions_Features"]] |
|$R$ |the perfect gas constant   | parameter of the code |
|$M$ |the molecular mass (it is uniform if the fluid is homogeneous or depends on the species mass fractions) | [[sunfluidh:fluid_properties_namelist| "Fluid_Properties"]] |

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[[sunfluidh:sunfluidh_data_setup|Click here to go to the data-set page]]